The purpose of this report is to measure and forecast the demand for hydrogen that is sold as a commodity for end-uses that range from petroleum refining to energy production. This commodity sale and use of hydrogen is informally referred to as the “merchant hydrogen market.” The remainder of the hydrogen market is referred to as the “captive” segment. The report defines individual markets and technical applications for hydrogen. In regard to cutting-edge developments, areas such as biological processing, localized production, and nanotechnology, where considerable research dollars have been expended, are covered.
Merchant Hydrogen Generation Market and On-site Distributed Generation
No. of Pages: 213
Hydrogen is a colorless and odorless gas and is almost insoluble in water. The element was discovered by the English scientist Henry Cavendish in 1766. In the laboratory hydrogen is produced by electrolysis of water or by action of diluted acids on zinc or iron. Commercially, it is typically produced in a two-step process, wherein in the first step carbon monoxide and hydrogen are produced by combustion of natural gas with steam, and in the second step carbon monoxide is converted to carbon dioxide by the water-gas reaction and then the carbon dioxide is removed by washing. This report discusses many alternative methods for hydrogen production, most of which are relevant to the merchant market.
Among the key trends in the merchant hydrogen business is the drive to develop small-scale distributed production facilities and to perfect end-use devices and technologies such as hydrogen-powered fuel cells. In many cases, these efforts are more strenuous in overseas markets in comparison to the U.S. In fact, there have been significant cutbacks in government funding for hydrogen-related research in the U.S., as the Obama Administration has de-emphasized hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicles in favor of electric and hybrid vehicle development.
STILL THE FUEL OF THE FUTURE
Hydrogen has been considered to be the “fuel of the future” for quite literally decades due to its abundance as an element and its nonpolluting combustion products. Although 75% of the elemental matter of the entire Universe is hydrogen, most hydrogen is bound up in compounds such as methane or water or more complex sources such as coal, and thus energy is required to break the hydrogen free from these compounds. Additional energy is required to purify, compress, and/or liquefy the hydrogen for storage and transportation to usage points. This energy input, as well as technical issues related to storage and transport, is what prevents widespread utilization of hydrogen. Widespread production, distribution, and use of hydrogen will require many innovations and investments to be made in efficient and environmentally acceptable production systems, transportation systems, storage systems, and usage devices, particularly fuel cells. In the U.S., virtually all hydrogen is made from natural gas, giving rise to significant quantities of unwanted and undesirable carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. In particular, steam methane reforming of natural gas produces about 12 kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent per kg of hydrogen produced.
Hydrogen is primarily used in petroleum refining and as a chemical intermediate, particularly in the manufacture of agricultural fertilizers. Hydrogen is inconsequential as a fuel source in transportation, and numerous technical and economic barriers still exist to widespread deployment of either hydrogen-powered engines in vehicles or fuel cell-powered vehicles that use stored hydrogen.
Despite the unfavorable economics for uses of hydrogen other than refining and as a chemical intermediate, interest in it has always remained strong because hydrogen in transportation would not directly generate greenhouse gases. And if the hydrogen can be obtained via “renewable” resources such as wind or solar power or even biological processing, it would truly be emission-free.
The cheapest way to produce hydrogen is natural gas reforming or coal gasification at a central plant. Hydrogen, particularly high purity hydrogen, can be obtained indirectly from electricity via water electrolysis, a usually costly process due to the high energy input. Because all current processes to produce hydrogen generate significant amounts of CO2 emissions, large-scale hydrogen production from natural gas and coal would be environmentally acceptable only if combined with carbon capture and storage technologies.
During, and in many cases beyond, the forecast period of this report, some essential technologies that could be deployed to produce hydrogen include fossil sources with carbon sequestration (coal and natural gas), renewable energy sources (solar, wind, and hydroelectric), biological methods (biomass and biological), and nuclear energy.
SCOPE OF STUDY
This BCC study focuses on key hydrogen technologies and applications. It provides data about the size and growth of both captive and merchant hydrogen markets, company profiles, patent trends, and industry trends. Cutting-edge developments, research priorities, and potential business opportunities are a key focus.
The report focuses on these key areas:
- Investigation and assessment of the future use of merchant hydrogen and on-site distributed generation
- Analysis of trends in the market, with data for 2010, estimates for 2011, and projected compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) through 2016
- An overview of the structure of the industry and extensive company profiles of the leading organizations
- Detailed analyses of research focuses, end-use markets, and production technologies
- Patent and intellectual property (IP) activity.
INTENDED AUDIENCE
With its broad scope and in-depth analyses, this study will prove to be a valuable resource, particularly for anyone involved with or interested in hydrogen production and utilization. It will be particularly useful for researchers and laboratory and government personnel working in research or company settings, as well as business professionals such as marketing managers, strategic planners, forecasters, and new product and business developers who are involved with most aspects of the hydrogen industry. It also will be of value to potential investors and members of the general public who are interested in acquiring a business-oriented view of the use of hydrogen in practical applications. The projections, forecasts, and trend analyses found in this report provide readers with the necessary data and information for decision making.
METHODOLOGY
Both primary and secondary research methodologies were used in preparing this study. Research methodology was both quantitative and qualitative in nature, the latter relying on Delphi-style forecasting techniques. Initially, a comprehensive and exhaustive search of academic literature discussing hydrogen applications was conducted. These secondary sources include hydrogen and fuel cell journals and related books, trade literature, marketing literature, other product/promotional literature, annual reports, security analyst reports, and other publications. A patent search and analysis was conducted. Other sources include magazines, academics, technology suppliers, technical experts, trade association officials, government officials, and consulting companies.
INFORMATION SOURCES
As is the case with most industries and economic sectors, data resources analyzing the applications and markets for hydrogen have become vast. There are numerous peer-reviewed, referred journals devoted solely to hydrogen technology, not to mention environmental journals that report on larger systems issues or strategic/economic issues in environmental management. The number of companies involved in this business is particularly large as many are in the developmental stage and thus account for only a tiny portion of industry revenues.
Data sources that were employed include press releases on company websites covering application news, company news, marketing news, and product news as well as brochures, product literature, magazines, technical journals, technical books, marketing and other promotional literature, annual reports, security analyst reports, and other hydrogen-specific business digest publications. An extensive patent analysis was conducted to gauge technological innovation and to determine research activity as it applies to new product development.
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
OVERVIEW 1
STILL THE FUEL OF THE FUTURE 1
SCOPE OF STUDY 2
INTENDED AUDIENCE 3
METHODOLOGY 3
INFORMATION SOURCES 4
ANALYST’S CREDENTIALS 4
RELATED BCC PUBLICATIONS 4
BCC ON-LINE SERVICES 5
DISCLAIMER 5
CHAPTER TWO: SUMMARY 6
SUMMARY 6
MAJOR FINDINGS 7
SUMMARY TABLE THE US MERCHANT HYDROGEN MARKET,
THROUGH 2016 (BILLIONS) 8
SUMMARY FIGURE THE US MERCHANT HYDROGEN MARKET,
2010-2016 ($ BILLIONS) 8
CHAPTER THREE: HYDROGEN OVERVIEW 9
HISTORICAL CONTEXT 9
TABLE 1 FUEL FLEXIBILITY OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGIES 10
WORLD PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN 10
TABLE 2 GLOBAL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY RAW MATERIAL,
2010 (MILLION METRIC TONS) 11
CONSUMERS AND PRODUCERS OF MERCHANT HYDROGEN 11
MARKETS 12
Material Handling Equipment 13
Back-up and Remote Power Generation 13
Stationary Power Generation (including CHP) 14
Utility-Scale Energy Storage 15
Transportation 15
Transportation (Continued) 16
TABLE 3 US FUEL CELL BUS PROJECTS, 2011 17
TABLE 3 (CONTINUED) 18
Distributed Hydrogen Production Systems 18
TABLE 4 MANUFACTURING R&D CHALLENGES FOR DISTRIBUTED
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION 19
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPACITY AT REFINERIES 20
TABLE 5 PRODUCTION CAPACITY OF OPERABLE PETROLEUM
REFINERIES, HYDROGEN, AND OTHER PRODUCTS (BARRELS
PER STREAM DAY, EXCEPT WHERE NOTED) 20
PLANT CAPITAL COSTS 20
HYDROGEN ECONOMY 21
INVESTMENT RISK 22
MARKET DEMAND 22
CURRENT HYDROGEN PRODUCTION LEVELS 23
TABLE 6 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION DATA, 2005-2009 (TRILLION
STANDARD CUBIC FEET/YEAR) 23
NATURAL GAS AND HYDROGEN 23
HYDROGEN COST/BENEFIT EQUATION IN SPECIFIC
APPLICATIONS 24
ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF HYDROGEN 25
REGULATIONS, CODES, AND STANDARDS 25
FEDERAL R&D RELATING TO HYDROGEN 26
TABLE 7 HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL BUDGET, 2004-2011 ($
THOUSANDS) 26
TABLE 8 FUNDING FOR THE HYDROGEN FUEL INITIATIVE,
FISCAL YEARS 2004 THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS) 27
SUBSIDIES AND TAXES 27
STATE LEVEL INITIATIVES 27
STATE LEVEL INITIATIVES (CONTINUED) 28
STATE LEVEL INITIATIVES (CONTINUED) 29
STATE LEVEL INITIATIVES (CONTINUED) 30
CHAPTER FOUR: MERCHANT HYDROGEN MARKET 31
DEMAND FOR MERCHANT HYDROGEN 31
TABLE 9 US MERCHANT HYDROGEN PRODUCTION, THROUGH
2016 (BILLION LBS) 31
MERCHANT MARKET DELIVERY MODES 32
TABLE 10 MERCHANT MARKET DELIVERY MODES, 2010 (%) 32
HIGH PURITY HYDROGEN MARKET AND ON-SITE DEMAND 32
LOCATION OF THE MERCHANT PLANTS 33
TABLE 11 MERCHANT LIQUID AND COMPRESSED GAS HYDROGEN
PRODUCTION CAPACITY IN THE US AND CANADA BY
COMPANY AND LOCATION, 2011 33
TABLE 11 (CONTINUED) 34
TABLE 11 (CONTINUED) 35
TABLE 11 (CONTINUED) 36
LOCATION OF THE HYDROGEN REFINERY CAPACITY 36
TABLE 12 US REFINERY HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPACITY BY
STATE, 2010 (MILLION STANDARD CUBIC FEET PER DAY) 36
TABLE 12 (CONTINUED) 37
TABLE 13 REFINERY HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPACITY BY
INDIVIDUAL REFINERY, 2000-2009 (MILLION STANDARD CUBIC
FEET PER DAY) 37
TABLE 13 (CONTINUED) 38
TABLE 13 (CONTINUED) 39
TABLE 13 (CONTINUED) 40
MERCHANT HYDROGEN EQUIPMENT MARKETS 40
INTEGRATED REFORMERS 41
Integrated Reformers (Continued) 42
CHAPTER FIVE: MERCHANT HYDROGEN: THE END-USE MARKETS 43
OVERVIEW 43
FOOD INDUSTRY/EDIBLE OIL 43
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY 44
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE 44
METHANOL 44
AMMONIA 44
ALCOHOLS 44
STEEL INDUSTRY/METALLURGY 44
ANNEALING 44
NEUTRAL HARDENING 45
SINTERING 45
ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY 45
SEMICONDUCTOR AND INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
PACKAGING 45
EPITAXY MANUFACTURING 46
GLASS PROCESSING INDUSTRY 46
FLOAT GLASS 46
INDUSTRIAL DIAMONDS (CHEMICAL VAPOR
DEPOSITION) 46
LIGHT BULB FILAMENTS 46
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT USES OF MERCHANT
HYDROGEN 47
POWER INDUSTRY 47
HIGH SPEED TURBINE GENERATORS 47
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS 47
FUEL AND TRANSPORTATION MARKETS 48
THE STATIONARY POWER MARKET FOR HYDROGEN 48
TECHNICAL STATUS OF THE VEHICULAR FUEL CELL
MARKET FOR HYDROGEN 49
Technical Status of … (Continued) 50
CLEAN UP COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH NATURAL GAS AS
THE HYDROGEN SOURCE 51
Clean Up Costs Associated…(Continued) 52
LARGE- SCALE HYDROGEN-POWERED GENERATING PLANTS 53
TABLE 14 POWER PLANT CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS: FUEL
CELLS VERSUS CONVENTIONAL OPTIONS, 2010 53
TABLE 14 (CONTINUED) 54
OVERSEAS COMMERCIAL STATUS OF FUEL CELL POWER
PLANTS 55
MINIATURE FUEL CELLS 56
Miniature Fuel Cells (Continued) 57
CHAPTER SIX: MERCHANT HYDROGEN: THE TECHNOLOGY FOCUS 58
HOW RENEWABLE POWER RELATES TO MERCHANT
HYDROGEN 58
TABLE 15 USING RENEWABLE POWER TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN
PROJECT CATEGORIES 58
TABLE 16 RENEWABLES-BASED HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
PROJECTS 59
HOW STATIONARY POWER RELATES TO MERCHANT
HYDROGEN 59
HYDROGEN ENERGY CALIFORNIA 60
ULTRA EFFICIENT COMBINED HEAT, HYDROGEN, AND
POWER SYSTEM 61
HYDROGEN SEPARATION AND COMPRESSION
TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 62
THE SOUTH HEART ENERGY PROJECT: COAL-TOHYDROGEN
POWER PLANT 63
CHAPTER SEVEN: HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PROCESSES 64
OVERVIEW 64
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION – CAPTIVE VERSUS MERCHANT 64
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION – SMALL-SCALE MERCHANT
VERSUS LARGE-SCALE 65
DISTRIBUTED NATURAL GAS REFORMING 65
COAL AND BIOMASS GASIFICATION 65
ELECTROLYSIS 66
THERMOCHEMICAL PRODUCTION 66
BIOLOGICAL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION 66
CURRENT STATUS OF ALL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGIES 67
HYDROGEN FROM NATURAL GAS 67
HYDROGEN FROM COAL 67
Hydrogen from Coal (Continued) 68
COAL GASIFIERS 69
Coal Gasifiers (Continued) 70
COAL SYNGAS 71
Coal Syngas (Continued) 72
HYDROGEN FROM NUCLEAR POWER 73
HYDROGEN FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES 73
Direct Sunlight to Hydrogen Conversion 74
Microbial Electrolysis Cell Hydrogen Production 75
PLASMA REFORMING 76
FROM WATER: ELECTROLYSIS AND THERMOLYSIS 76
HYDROGEN VIA PIEZOELECTROCHEMICAL (PZEC)
EFFECT 77
BIOHYDROGEN ROUTES 78
Fermentative Hydrogen Production 78
Enzymatic Hydrogen Generation 79
Biocatalyzed Electrolysis 80
Algae-based Processes 80
Hydrogen from Microalgae 81
Solar Hydrogen-Producing Bio-Nanodevice 82
HYDROGEN VIA WASTEWATER REMEDIATION 82
BYPRODUCT HYDROGEN 83
CO-PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN WITH POWER, FUELS,
AND CHEMICALS 83
LIQUEFACTION VERSUS GASIFICATION 84
CATALYSTS 85
OXYGEN EVOLUTION REACTION CATALYSTS 85
ATOMICALLY DISPERSED PLATINUM CATALYST 86
SINGLE CRYSTAL CATALYST BREAKTHROUGH AT
ARGONNE 87
CHAPTER EIGHT: HYDROGEN STORAGE MARKET 88
STORAGE UNDERPINS MERCHANT MARKET 88
SIZE OF STORAGE MARKET 88
OVERVIEW OF STORAGE TECHNOLOGY ISSUES 89
STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION 89
STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) 90
DELIVERY 91
CENTRALIZED PRODUCTION AND DELIVERY 91
ON-SITE PRODUCTION 92
INNOVATIVE APPROACHES 92
POWER FROM THE SUN 92
RESEARCH EFFORTS 92
RESEARCH EFFORTS (CONTINUED) 93
HYDROGEN DELIVERY INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUES 94
OTHER RESEARCH PRIORITIES 95
METAL ORGANIC FRAMEWORK OPTIMIZED FOR HYDROGEN
STORAGE 95
COMPRESSIONLESS RETAIL HYDROGEN FUELING STATIONS 96
POLYMER-BASED HYDROGEN STORAGE 97
ALUMINUM HYDRIDE, A HIGH-CAPACITY HYDROGEN
STORAGE MATERIAL 97
METAL HYDRIDE CLUSTERS 97
ACTIVATED CARBON STORAGE 98
HYDROTHERMOLYSIS 98
NANOBLADES 99
LAYERED GRAPHENE SHEETS 100
APPLIED ELECTRIC FIELDS 101
STABLE LIQUID STORES HYDROGEN 102
RECENT DOE HYDROGEN STORAGE RESEARCH GRANTS 102
DIRECTED TECHNOLOGIES, INC – ARLINGTON, VA 102
LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY –
BERKELEY, CA 103
BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE – COLUMBUS, OH 103
CHAPTER NINE: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPANY PROFILES 104
MARKET CONCENTRATION 104
TABLE 17 TOP US REFINERY HYDROGEN PRODUCERS BASED
ON CAPACITY, 2010 (MILLION STANDARD CUBIC FEET PER
DAY) 105
PIPELINE MARKET SHARES 105
TABLE 18 US HYDROGEN PIPELINE MILES BY STATE, 2009 106
TABLE 19 US HYDROGEN PIPELINE MILES BY OWNER, 2010 106
TABLE 20 EUROPEAN HYDROGEN PIPELINE MILES BY OWNER,
2009 107
ECONOMICS OF PIPELINE TRANSPORT 107
RECENT MAJOR PIPELINE ADDITIONS 108
OVERVIEW 108
ACCIONA SA 109
ACTA SPA 109
ADVANCED MATERIALS CORP 110
AIRGAS, INC 111
AIR LIQUIDE 111
AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS 112
Air Products And Chemicals (Continued) 113
ALCHEMIX CORP 114
ALTERNATIVE FUEL SYSTEMS, INC 114
ALUMIFUEL POWER INTERNATIONAL, INC 115
ALVATEC PRODUCTION AND SALES GESMBH 115
AMERICAN HYDROGEN CORPORATION 116
AMMINEX A/S 116
APPLIED NANOTECH HOLDINGS 117
ASPEN PRODUCTS GROUP, INC 117
AVALENCE LLC 118
BABCOCK-HITACHI 119
BALLARD POWER SYSTEMS 119
BASF 120
BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE 121
BAYERISCHE MOTOREN WERKE AG 121
BC HYDRO 121
BEIJING UNIVERSITY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 122
BEIJING JINFENG AEROSPACE S&T DEVELOPMENTS
COMPANY 122
BLOOM ENERGY CORPORATION 122
BP PLC 123
CERAMATEC 124
CHEVRON 125
CLEAN ENERGY RESEARCH & EDUCATION INSTITUTE 125
CLEAREDGE POWER 126
CONOCO PHILLIPS 126
DEER PARK REFINING LTD PTNRSHP 127
DIVERSIFIED ENERGY CORP 127
DYNETEK INDUSTRIES, LTD 145 127
ECD OVONICS 128
EDEN ENERGY 128
E I DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY 129
EMEFCY, LTD 130
ENGINEERED GAS SYSTEMS (EGS) 130
EPRIDA, INC 131
ERGENICS 132
EQUISTAR CHEMICALS, LP 133
EXXON MOBIL 133
FLINT HILLS 133
FOSTER WHEELER AG 134
FUEL CELL ENERGY, INC 135
FUEL CELL ENERGY, INC (Continued) 136
GAS TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE (GTI) 137
GENERAL ATOMICS 137
GENERAL HYDROGEN 138
HALDOR TOPSØE A/S 138
H2SCAN 139
HTC PURENERGY 139
HY9 CORP 140
HYDROGENICS CORP 141
HYDROGEN UNION ENERGY CO, LTD 142
HYTHANE 143
IDATECH LLC 144
INNOVATEK, INC 144
INTELLIGENT ENERGY 145
IWATANI INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION 146
JADOO POWER SYSTEMS, INC 146
LINDE AG 147
MAGNA INTERNATIONAL, INC 148
MAKEL ENGINEERING, INC 149
MARKWEST JAVELINA 150
MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS RESEARCH, INC 151
MCPHY ENERGY SA 152
MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH, INC 153
MO SCI CORP 154
MOTIVA ENTERPRISES LLC 155
NANOMIX, INC 155
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY 156
NEL HYDROGEN AS 156
NUVERA FUEL CELLS 157
PLUG POWER LLC 157
PRATT & WHITNEY 158
PRAXAIR, INC 158
PROJECT PERFORMANCE CORPORATION 159
PROTON ONSITE, INC 159
QUANTUM FUEL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGIES
WORLDWIDE, INC 159
RELION, INC 160
SCS ENERGY LLC 160
SECAT, INC 161
SHELL OIL 162
SINOPEC MAOMING COMPANY 162
SOLAR SYSTEMS PTY, LTD 163
SOTACARBO SPA 163
TECHNIP SA 164
TESORO CORPORATION 164
TURBINE TRUCK ENGINES, INC 164
UHDE GMBH 165
UTC POWER 166
VALERO ENERGY CORPORATION 167
WELDSHIP CORPORATION 167
WRB 168
XEBEC ADSORPTION, INC 169
YANGTZE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES, INC 170
ZTEK CORPORATION, INC 170
CHAPTER TEN: THE OVERSEAS SITUATION 171
WORLD HYDROGEN MARKET OVERVIEW 171
TABLE 21 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION IN EUROPE, 1997-2007 172
TABLE 22 FORECAST HYDROGEN PRODUCTION IN EUROPE,
THROUGH 2015 172
EUROPEAN MARKET SHARES 173
TABLE 23 MERCHANT LIQUID AND COMPRESSED GAS HYDROGEN
PRODUCTION CAPACITY IN EUROPE, BY COMPANY AND
LOCATION, 2009 173
TABLE 23 (CONTINUED) 174
TABLE 23 (CONTINUED) 175
TABLE 23 (CONTINUED) 176
EUROPEAN PIPELINE BUSINESS 176
TABLE 24 EUROPEAN HYDROGEN PIPELINE MILES BY COUNTRY,
2009 176
OTHER PRINCIPAL MARKETS – CHINA 177
TABLE 25 CONSUMPTION OF HYDROGEN IN CHINA BY END-USER
INDUSTRY (MILLION TONS) 178
OTHER PRINCIPAL MARKETS – …(CONTINUED) 179
SUMMARY: WORLDWIDE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPACITY
AT REFINERIES 180
TABLE 26 WORLD RANKING OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
CAPACITY AT REFINERIES, RANKED BY CAPACITY, THROUGH
2009 (MILLION STANDARD CUBIC FEET PER DAY) 181
TABLE 26 (CONTINUED) 182
TABLE 27 WORLD RANKINGS OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
CAPACITY AT REFINERIES, RANKED BY GROWTH RATE,
THROUGH 2009 (MILLION STANDARD CUBIC FEET PER DAY) 183
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 184
CHAPTER ELEVEN: PATENT ANALYSIS 185
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION, STORAGE, AND UTILIZATION 185
TABLE 28 SAMPLE OF 150 HYDROGEN PATENTS BASED ON MAJOR
FIELD OF APPLICATION, OCTOBER 2010—OCTOBER 2011
(NUMBER%) 185
FUEL CELL SPECIFIC PATENTS 186
SAMPLE PATENTS 186
FOSSIL FUEL-FREE PROCESS OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC
PRETREATMENT WITH BIOLOGICAL HYDROGEN
PRODUCTION 186
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION 187
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF
HYDROGEN 187
METHOD OF MANUFACTURING A HYDROGEN
SEPARATION SUBSTRATE 188
CHEMICAL HYDROGEN STORAGE MATERIALS HAVING
GUANIDINIUM BOROHYDRIDE 188
ACTIVATION METHOD FOR LITHIUM HYDRIDE, AND
HYDROGEN GENERATION METHOD 188
HYDROGEN AND AMMONIA FUELED INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINE 189
HYDROGEN PRODUCING APPARATUS AND FUEL CELL
SYSTEM USING THE SAME 189
HYDROGEN STORAGE ALLOY, ITS PRODUCTION
METHOD, HYDROGEN STORAGE ALLOY ELECTRODE,
AND SECONDARY BATTERY 190
PREPARATION OF HYDROGEN STORAGE MATERIALS 190
METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PRODUCING A HYDROGENENRICHED
FUEL USING MICROWAVE ASSISTED
METHANE PLASMA DECOMPOSITION ON CATALYST 191
HYDROGEN-PRODUCING ASSEMBLIES 191
HYDROGEN DISPENSING STATION AND METHOD OF
OPERATING THE SAME 192
COMPOSITE FUELS FOR HYDROGEN GENERATION 192
CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND PRODUCTION OF
HYDROGEN AND HYDRIDE 193
PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR GENERATING
HYDROGEN 193
PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN 194
METHOD FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN 194
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR RECOVERY AND
RECYCLING OF HYDROGEN 195
METALLIFEROUS, HYDROGEN-STORING MATERIAL AND
PROCESS FOR ITS PRODUCTION 195
APPARATUS FOR HYDROGEN-AIR MIXING IN A FUEL
CELL ASSEMBLY AND METHOD 196
MESOPOROUS NANOCRYSTALLINE TITANIA
STRUCTURES FOR HYDROGEN SENSING 196
MATERIAL FOR STORAGE AND PRODUCTION OF
HYDROGEN, AND RELATED METHODS AND
APPARATUS 196
HOUSING, APPARATUS FOR GENERATING HYDROGEN
AND FUEL CELL POWER GENERATION SYSTEM
HAVING THE SAME 197
SOLAR HYDROGEN CHARGER 197
HYDROGEN GENERATING FUEL CELL CARTRIDGES 198
METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE DETECTION OF
HYDROGEN 198
CATALYSTS FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION 199
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR GENERATING
HYDROGEN 199
FUEL CELL OPERATING METHOD WITH IMPROVED
HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN UTILIZATION 199
HYDROGEN PURIFICATION MEMBRANES, COMPONENTS
AND FUEL PROCESSING SYSTEMS CONTAINING THE
SAME 200
METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR GENERATING HYDROGENENRICHED
FUEL GAS FOR EMISSIONS REDUCTION
AND CARBON DIOXIDE FOR SEQUESTRATION 201
HIGH-PERFORMANCE FLEXIBLE HYDROGEN SENSORS 201
CARBON-BASED FOAM NANOCOMPOSITE HYDROGEN
STORAGE MATERIAL 202
MICROORGANISM HAVING THE IMPROVED GENE FOR
HYDROGEN-GENERATING CAPABILITY, AND PROCESS
FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN USING THE SAME 202
FUEL CELL USING A HYDROGEN GENERATION SYSTEM 203
INTEGRATION OF HYDROGEN AND POWER GENERATION
USING PRESSURE SWING REFORMING 203
DEVICE AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN 203
HYDROGEN ODORANTS AND ODORANT SELECTION
METHOD 204
HYDROGEN GENERATION APPARATUS AND METHOD
FOR USING SAME 204
REPLACEABLE CARTRIDGE FOR LIQUID HYDROGEN 205
APPENDIX: HYDROGEN GLOSSARY AND ACRONYMS 206
HYDROGEN GLOSSARY AND ACRONYMS 206
HYDROGEN GLOSSARY … (CONTINUED) 207
HYDROGEN GLOSSARY … (CONTINUED) 208
HYDROGEN GLOSSARY … (CONTINUED) 209
HYDROGEN GLOSSARY … (CONTINUED) 210
HYDROGEN GLOSSARY … (CONTINUED) 211
HYDROGEN GLOSSARY … (CONTINUED) 212
HYDROGEN GLOSSARY … (CONTINUED) 213
